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The article is devoted to determining the place of the right to information in the system of communicative freedoms, specifying the scope of constitutional protection and clarifying the criteria for its restriction. During the research a wide range of general scientific and special-legal methods of scientific knowledge was used, in particular: logical, historical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods of research. The analysis of domestic and German legal literature on the right to information was important for achieving the goal of the study. The study of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany devoted to the interpretation of this fundamental human right was of particular cognitive importance. As a result of the study, the author states that the right to information belongs to the system of communicative freedoms. As a separate communicative freedom, it actively interacts with other freedoms, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of cinema, and so on. At the same time, the right to information is subordinated to the general goal of communicative freedoms – to be an instrument of communication of an individual with society, a real opportunity to express and convey his views, beliefs and opinions to other individuals. The right to information protects access to public information not by a particular group of individuals, but by the corresponding right of each individual. In addition, this right should not be construed as a right to restrict access to certain information. Given this, the scope of protection of the right to information is to protect the right of everyone to access information that is in publicly available sources of information. Such information is the source for forming the views and beliefs of individuals. The appropriate approach should be reflected in the following interpretative acts of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the interpretation of the right to information. This fundamental human right may be restricted. However, such interference in the exercise of this right of individuals should not turn into its complete leveling, turning it into fiction. Therefore, along with the purely normative grounds for restricting the right to information, additional criteria are defined according to which each individual case of restriction of this right of individuals must be assessed. Keywords: information, communication freedom, human rights, sphere of protection, restriction of human rights

The article studies the right to human dignity through the prism of German legal doctrine. During the research, a wide range of general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition has been used, in particular: methods of dialectical logic, comparative legal and system-structural methods. The paper analyses domestic and German legal resources on the right to human dignity, in particular the works of S. von Puffendorf, I. Kant and G. Durig. As a result of the study, the author states that the German legal opinion formed the fundamental doctrine of the right to human dignity. This doctrine began in Germany, back in the Renaissance. For the first time, it was systematized in the works of a German researcher S. von Puffendorf. The article illustrates that human dignity is revealed in the German doctrine of fundamental human rights through a number of characteristics. The right to human dignity is the foundation of social value and respect for human beings. It prohibits the conversion of a person to an object in state procedures. Human dignity is not only the individual dignity, but also the dignity of a person as a species. Everyone possesses it regardless of its characteristics, achievements and social status. It also belongs to someone who cannot act reasonably because of his or her physical or mental state. They do not lose their human dignity even through "unworthy" behaviour, for example, by committing any crime. No one can be deprived of human dignity. Attention is drawn to the fact that German law does not intentionally give a definitive definition of the right to human dignity. It merely defines a comprehensive list of requirements for the protection of this fundamental human right. The reason for this is that any definition cannot guarantee the absolute protection of this human right. In other words, such a normative definition of this human right will inevitably lead to such a situation where it cannot protect the human dignity of an individual or even be the legal basis for its restriction. In this part, the German approach to the definition of the right to human dignity differs significantly from the domestic approach, since for the national science and practice of lawmaking it is quite logical to take a different approach, in particular to formulate clear and comprehensive definitions of legally significant phenomena and categories. It has been established that, according to the German doctrine of fundamental human rights, human dignity must be protected in any way within any relationship. It was found that the German Nazis had a negative influence on the German doctrine of the human dignity. This is due to the fact that the protection of human dignity was not built around what was allowed to be done, but about what was forbidden under any circumstances. Keywords: human dignity, a fundamental human right, a human rights doctrine, a state, legislation.

Diagnosis of the state policy on pensionprovision shows that it is characterized by fragmented and non-systematic ongoing activities, dependence on the political situation, including election campaigns, limited tools of fundamental changes, neglect of the objective pension reform factors, etc. Meanwhile, world practice has a proven track record of measures and mechanisms that allow to improve the state pension system and diversify the sources of pension. The article analyzes the main internationaltrends of solidary pension system reform which could be considered by Ukraine for pension administration in terms of resource constraints and significant differentiation of pensions. The most common trends are: raise of the retirement age for able-bodied citizens, encouragement of people's participation in the private pension system, pension contributions between employers and workers on a parity basis. The creation of the state pension system through the solidarity redistribution of income between different generations began in 1889 by Chancellor of Germany Otto Bismarck. Later, similar pension systems were introduced by other leading European countries: Denmark (1891), Great Britain (1908), France (1910), Sweden (1913), Italy (1919). In imitation of a positive example of European countries, in the first half of the twentieth century, other states have developed national solidarity pension systems. ; . ; Діагностика державної політики у сфері пенсійного забезпечення показує, щовона характеризується безсистемністю та фрагментарністю здійснюваних заходів, за-лежністю від політичної ситуації, у тому числі виборчих компаній, обмеженістю ін-струментарію проведення кардинальних змін, неврахуванням об'єктивних чинниківпроведення пенсійної реформи тощо. Водночас світова практика має значний доробокзаходів і механізмів, які дозволяють покращити стан солідарної пенсійної системи тадиверсифікувати джерела отримання пенсій. У статті здійснено аналіз основних між-народних тенденцій реформування солідарної пенсійної системи, які ...

Purpose. Successful activity of the large-scale industrial enterprises is carefully thought out strategy of management by innovative activity. Object of the article – to designate the existent problems of management by strategic potential at the large-scale industrial enterprises, their functioning and forming during adaptation in a world market and to work out the mechanism of strategy of management of innovative activity that can be applied at large-scale industrial enterprises; as well as to carry out a systematic analysis of the problem activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises mainly in the carriage-building branch. Methodology. The main factor of economic growth of any country is the innovations that are implemented at the enterprise to improve economic growth. Theoretical and methodological basis of research is systematic analysis of the strategy problem of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises, especially of the carriage-building branch, which is at the present moment on the decline and in need of reform. Rightly developed strategy of management of innovative activity will allow to balance the internal and external environment of the enterprise, as well as to compare the existing capacities at the enterprise, and the most importantly, will ensure survival in a changed political situation. Findings. The authors improved mechanism of the strategy of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises. Effective implementation of the strategic innovative activity of the industrial enterprises can enhance the competitiveness of not only some industrial enterprises but also the economy of Ukraine in general. Originality. The authors gave theoretical generalization and improved scheme of a mechanism of strategy of innovative activity at the large-scale industrial enterprises on improvement of indicators of intellectual activity and competitiveness in the market, as well as the resumption of communication between higher education institutions and research Institutes. Practical value. Rationally applied measures on the proposed by the author's diagram of a strategy mechanism of innovative activity at the industrial enterprises will significantly improve the measures of innovation at the large-scale industrial enterprises, including the carriage-building branch, and to increase the competitiveness in the market. ; Цель. Успешной деятельностью крупных промышленных предприятий является хорошо продуманная стратегия управления инновационной деятельностью. Цель статьи – обозначить существующие проблемы управления стратегическим потенциалом на крупных промышленных предприятиях, его функционирование и формирование при адаптации к мировому рынку, и разработать механизм стратегии управления инновационной деятельностью, который можно применять на крупных промышленных предприятиях. Предполагается также провести системный анализ проблемы стратегии инновационной деятельности на крупных промышленных предприятиях (в основном в вагоностроительной отрасли). Методика. Главным фактором экономического роста любой страны являются инновации, которые внедряются на предприятии для повышения экономического роста. Теоретическую и методическую основу исследования составляет системный анализ проблемы стратегии инновационной деятельности на крупных промышленных предприятиях, особенно вагоностроительной отрасли, которая находится на данный момент в упадке и нуждается в реформировании. Правильно разработанная стратегия управления инновационной деятельностью позволит привести в равновесие внутреннюю и внешнюю среду предприятия, сравнить имеющейся потенциал на предприятии и, самое главное, обеспечит выживание в изменившихся условиях политической ситуации. Результаты. Авторами усовершенствован механизм стратегии инновационной деятельности на крупных промышленных предприятиях. Эффективная реализация стратегической инновационной деятельности промышленных предприятий может способствовать повышению конкурентоспособности не только некоторых промышленных предприятий, но и экономики Украины в целом. Научная новизна. Авторами приведено теоретическое обобщение и усовершенствование схемы механизма стратегии инновационной деятельности на крупных промышленных предприятиях по улучшению показателей интеллектуальной деятельности и повышению конкурентоспособности на рынке, а также возобновлению связей между ВУЗом, предприятием и научно-исследовательскими институтами. Практическая значимость. Рационально примененные меры по предложенной авторами схеме механизма стратегии инновационной деятельности на промышленных предприятиях позволят существенно улучшить показатели инновационной деятельности на крупных промышленных предприятиях, в том числе в вагоностроительной отрасли, и повысить конкурентоспособность на рынке. ; Мета. Успішною діяльністю великих промислових підприємств є добре продумана стратегія управління інноваційною діяльністю. Мета статті – позначити існуючі проблеми управління стратегічним потенціалом на великих промислових підприємствах, його функціонування та формування при адаптації до світового ринку, і розробити механізм стратегії управління інноваційною діяльністю, який можна застосовувати на великих промислових підприємствах. Передбачається також провести системний аналіз проблеми стратегії інноваційної діяльності на великих промислових підприємствах (в основному в вагонобудівній галузі). Методика. Головним фактором економічного зростання будь-якої країни є інновації, які впроваджуються на підприємстві для підвищення економічного зростання. Теоретичну і методичну основу дослідження становить системний аналіз проблеми стратегії інноваційної діяльності на великих промислових підприємствах, особливо у вагонобудівній галузі, яка знаходиться на даний момент у занепаді і потребує реформування. Правильно розроблена стратегія управління інноваційною діяльністю дозволить привести в рівновагу внутрішню та зовнішню середу підприємства. також порівняти потенціал підприємства і, найголовніше, забезпечити виживання в умовах зміни політичної ситуації. Результати. Авторами удосконалено механізм стратегії інноваційної діяльності на великих промислових підприємствах. Ефективна реалізація стратегічної інноваційної діяльності промислових підприємств може сприяти підвищенню конкурентоспроможності не тільки деяких промислових підприємств, а й економіки України в цілому. Наукова новизна. Авторами наведено теоретичне узагальнення та вдосконалення схеми механізму стратегії інноваційної діяльності на великих промислових підприємствах із поліпшення показників інтелектуальної діяльності та підвищення конкурентоспроможності на ринку, а також відновлення зв'язків між ВУЗом, підприємством і науководослідними інститутами. Практична значимість. Раціонально застосовані заходи по запропонованій авторами схемі механізму стратегії інноваційної діяльності на промислових підприємствах дозволять істотно поліпшити показники інноваційної діяльності на великих промислових підприємствах, у тому числі у вагонобудівній галузі, та підвищити конкурентоспроможність на ринку.

Current work is aimed at the analysis of the fission products decay influence during fuel reloading, when calculating the accumulated fission products activity for the VVER-1200 reactor fuel campaign. The Bateman problem solution based technique was used for calculations, within the framework of the two fissile nuclides approximation. The fission products producing process for the VVER-1200 reactor stationary campaign is considered, taking into account the reactor shutdown periods for refueling and without taking them into account (instant reload approximation). It was shown, that the instant reload approximation for fission products activity calculations gives the similar accurate result, as calculations with taking into account the shutdown periods. The results can be used to significantly simplify the calculations of fission product activity accumulation in nuclear power reactors.

To study the kinetics of subcritical systems and determine the optimal conditions for the transmutation of longlived radioactive waste in the neutron spectrum of ADS-systems the "Yalina" research nuclear facility was created at Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research – Sosny (Minsk, Belarus). The main safety indicator of a subcritical system (active zone reactivity) was measured for a "Yalina-Thermal" assembly via three independent methods: inverse multiplication, probabilistic and impulse ones. For the inverse multiplication method, the neutron flux density was monitored during assembly loading. For a fuel load of 285 EK-10 rods the neutron multiplication was M = 22.3±0.6, and the effective neutron multiplication coefficient was keff = 0.9551± 0.0016. The probabilistic method (Feynman-alpha method), based on measuring fluctuations in the neutron density level within a system with a fission chain reaction, gave the ratio of the variance to the average counting rate value D/n = 1.779±0.005, which corresponds to keff = 0.9597 ±0.0003. The pulse method is aimed at studying the neutron flux behavior of after the neutron pulse injection into the breeding system. Measurements were held with the same setup, used in the Feynman-alpha method. The measured decay constant of instantaneous neutrons is α = –670±0.7 1/s, which corresponds to keff = 0.9560±0.0001. The effective multiplication factor keff of the subcritical assembly "Yalina-Thermal", obtained via three different independent methods, is around average value of keff = 0.9569 ± 0.0018. The methods considered can be used for subcritical level monitoring for ADS-systems and research nuclear facilities.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide and its burden is increasing rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries, many of which are unable to face the challenges it imposes. In this Health Policy paper on primary stroke prevention, we provide an overview of the current situation regarding primary prevention services, estimate the cost of stroke and stroke prevention, and identify deficiencies in existing guidelines and gaps in primary prevention. We also offer a set of pragmatic solutions for implementation of primary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on the role of governments and population-wide strategies, including task-shifting and sharing and health system re-engineering. Implementation of primary stroke prevention involves patients, health professionals, funders, policy makers, implementation partners, and the entire population along the life course.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60�900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index SDI) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval UI 15·4�19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30�2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35�2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20�30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license